![]() The consequences for human society can be serious unless sufficient action is taken to constrain future climate change. ![]() Whilst these stressors and their combined effects are likely to be harmful to almost all marine organisms, food-webs and ecosystems, some are at greater risk (FAQ5.1, Figure 1). Non-climatic effects of human activities are also ubiquitous, including over-fishing and pollution. Seawater contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, causing ocean acidification. Due to closely linked changes in seawater chemistry, less oxygen remains available (in a process called ocean deoxygenation). In others, particularly in near-surface waters, warming has already had dramatic impacts on marine animals, plants and microbes. In many places, that increase may be barely measurable. Life in most of the global ocean, from pole to pole and from sea surface to the abyssal depths, is already experiencing higher temperatures due to human-driven climate change. The risk posed by climate change can be reduced by limiting global warming to no more than 1.5☌.
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